%A Krupinski, Jerzy %A Abudawood, Manal %A Matou-Nasri, Sabine %A Al-Baradie, Raid %A Petcu, Eugen Bogdan %A Justicia, Carlos %A Planas, Anna %A Liu, Donghui %A Rovira, Norma %A Grau-Slevin, Marta %A Secades, Julio %A Slevin, Mark %D 2012 %T Citicoline induces angiogenesis improving survival of vascular/human brain microvessel endothelial cells through pathways involving ERK1/2 and insulin receptor substrate-1 %K %X Abstract Background Citicoline is one of the neuroprotective agents that have been used as a therapy in stroke patients. There is limited published data describing the mechanisms through which it acts. Methods We used in vitroangiogenesis assays: migration, proliferation, differentiation into tube-like structures in Matrigelâ„¢ and spheroid development assays in human brain microvessel endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3). Western blotting was performed on protein extraction from hCMEC/D3 stimulated with citicoline. An analysis of citicoline signalling pathways was previously studied using a Kinexus phospho-protein screening array. A staurosporin/calcium ionophore-induced apoptosis assay was performed by seeding hCMEC/D3 on to glass coverslips in serum poor medium. In a pilot in vivostudy, transient MCAO in rats was carried out with and without citicoline treatment (1000 mg/Kg) applied at the time of occlusion and subsequently every 3 days until euthanasia (21 days). Vascularity of the stroke-affected regions was examined by immunohistochemistry. Results Citicoline presented no mitogenic and chemotactic effects on hCMEC/D3; however, it significantly increased wound recovery, the formation of tube-like structures in Matrigelâ„¢ and enhanced spheroid development and sprouting. Citicoline induced the expression of phospho-extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2. Kinexus assays showed an over-expression of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1). Knock-down of IRS-1 with targeted siRNA in our hCMEC/D3 inhibited the pro-angiogenic effects of citicoline. The percentage of surviving cells was higher in the presence of citicoline. Citicoline treatment significantly increased the numbers of new, active CD105-positive microvessels following MCAO. Conclusions The findings demonstrate both a pro-angiogenic and protective effect of citicoline on hCMEC/D3 in vitroand following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in vivo. %U https://vascularcell.com/index.php/vc/article/view/10.1186-2045-824X-4-20 %J Vascular Cell %0 Journal Article %R 10.1186/2045-824X-4-20 %P 20%V 4 %N 1 %@ 2045-824X %8 2012-12-10